Introduction
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral infection that poses a significant threat to the global livestock industry. Despite extensive vaccination efforts, outbreaks continue to occur, underscoring the need for effective therapeutic interventions. This review explores recent advancements in antiviral therapies targeting the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and provides an overview of developments in FMD vaccines. We examine various antiviral agents, including small-molecule inhibitors, biologics, RNA-based therapeutics, and innovative approaches such as virus protease inhibitors and nanomaterials.
Understanding FMDV
FMDV belongs to the Picornaviridae family and is characterized by its positive-sense RNA genome and high genetic variability. The virus is classified into seven distinct serotypes, each with unique serological characteristics. FMD outbreaks lead to significant economic losses due to trade restrictions, livestock mortality, and reduced productivity. The high genetic variability of FMDV complicates the development of effective vaccines and antivirals, necessitating complementary control measures, including antiviral drugs.
Advancements in Antiviral Approaches
Recent studies have highlighted promising results from monoclonal antibodies, porcine interferon-α fusion proteins, and RNA interference (RNAi)-based therapeutics. Naturally derived substances, such as quercetin and homoharringtonine, have also shown antiviral properties against FMDV. Despite these advancements, challenges persist, including the emergence of drug-resistant strains and limited in vivo efficacy.
FMDV Lifecycle and Antiviral Targets
FMDV is a nonenveloped virus with a single-stranded RNA genome. The virus attaches to host cell receptors, primarily integrins, facilitating viral entry. Key viral proteins, such as 3C protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, play crucial roles in viral replication and are important targets for antiviral drug development.
Economic Impact and Control Strategies
FMD has a considerable economic impact on livestock industries, with annual losses ranging from US$6.5 to US$21 billion in endemic regions. Effective control involves strict biosecurity measures, vaccination programs, and surveillance. The Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Control Strategy aims to alleviate FMD’s impact and support nations in achieving FMD-free status.
Vaccine Developments
Vaccination is a fundamental component of FMD control. Inactivated vaccines are widely used, but their effectiveness is limited by strain-specific protection and the need for regular booster doses. Recent advancements in vaccine technology, including virus-like particles (VLPs) and peptide-based vaccines, aim to provide broader and longer-lasting immunity.
Innovative Antiviral Agents
Several classes of antiviral drugs have shown potential against FMDV. Small molecule inhibitors, such as T-1105 and Merimepodib, have demonstrated efficacy in inhibiting viral replication. Biologics, including monoclonal antibodies and interferons, are emerging as effective antivirals. Natural products, such as homoharringtonine and quercetin, offer promising antiviral activity with lower resistance potential.
Challenges and Future Directions
Developing effective antivirals against FMDV faces challenges, including drug-resistant strains and the lack of approved antiviral drugs for livestock. Future research should focus on optimizing antiviral candidates, exploring combination therapies, and developing innovative delivery systems. Integrating antiviral solutions into comprehensive disease management plans is crucial for enhancing global readiness and response to FMD outbreaks.
Conclusion
Antiviral drugs have significant potential as a supplementary approach for managing FMD outbreaks. Ongoing research is essential to refine these antiviral agents, address challenges, and develop effective, sustainable strategies to control FMD. By enhancing global readiness and response, the scientific community can safeguard global food security and protect the livelihoods of millions dependent on livestock production.
🔗 **Fuente:** https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2025.1574193/full